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MySQL Tutorial
Welcome to the MySQL tutorial — crafted for everyone, whether you're taking your first steps into the world of databases or you're a developer looking to refine your skills with advanced MySQL techniques. From understanding the fundamentals of relational data to mastering complex SQL queries, transactions, stored procedures, and performance tuning — this guide has you covered.
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What is a MySQL Database?
Who uses MySQL?
What is Database table?
What is Relational Database?
What is RDBMS?
Core concepts of RDBMS
Introduction to MySQL
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Features of MySQL
Applications of MySQL
MySQL Environmental Setup
Setting up MySQL is the first step toward working with relational databases. Below is a complete guide to help you install and run MySQL on your system, whether you are using Windows, Linux, or macOS. The second step is to start and stop MySQL service on your system. This ensures the MySQL server is running and ready to accept connections and execute queries.
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Installing and Configuring MySQL
Starting and Stopping MySQL Service
MySQL Basics
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language used to communicate with relational databases like MySQL. It allows you to create, modify, manage, and retrieve data from tables using simple and powerful commands.
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MySQL Commands
MySQL Clauses
MySQL Functions
MySQL Operators
MySQL Constraints
MySQL Data Types
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Introduction to MySQL Data types
Types of Data Types
MySQL Operations
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Introduction to MySQL table operations
Types of Table Operations in MySQL
MySQL Crud Operations
CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete — the basic operations you perform on data in any MySQL database. These operations allow you to insert new records, retrieve data, update existing values, and remove records when needed.
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MySQL Table Operations and Examples
MySQL Joins
In MySQL, JOINs are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on related columns. They are essential when your data is spread across multiple tables and you need to bring it together in one query result.
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Types of JOIN Operations
MySQL Keys
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Types of Keys in MySQL
MySQL Index
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Types of Index in MySQL
MySQL Views
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Introduction to MySQL Views
Basic Operations on Views
Updatable Views
Non-Updatable Views
MySQL Transactions
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Introduction to MySQL Transactions
Transaction Control Commands in MySQL
Stored Procedures & Functions in MySQL
This section explains the concepts of stored procedures and user-defined functions (UDFs) in MySQL, covering their creation, usage, parameters, differences, control flow, determinism, and advanced behavior — nothing is skipped.
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What are Stored Procedures and Functions?
Working with Stored Procedures and Functions in MySQL
Parameters in Stored Procedures
Control Flow Statements in Procedures
Difference between Stored Procedures and Functions
Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Functions
MySQL Triggers
This section covers everything about Triggers and Events in MySQL — including what they are, how they work, when to use them, all the types available, and how to manage them. Each point comes with simple explanations and examples.
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Introduction to Triggers in MySQL
Working with Triggers in MySQL
Advantages of Triggers
Real-World Use Cases of MySQL Triggers
MySQL Events
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Introduction to Events in MySQL
Working on Events in MySQL
Advantages of Events
Real-World Use Cases of MySQL Events
MySQL Locks
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Introduction to MySQL LOCK?
Importance for MySQL Locks
Types of MySQL Locks
Locking Mechanisms and Transaction Control in MySQL
MySQL Deadlocks
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Introduction to MySQL Deadlocks
Detection and Prevention of MySQL Deadlocks
Locking error in MySQL
Best Practices for Using MySQL Locks
User Management and Security in MySQL
Managing users and securing your MySQL server is essential to control access, protect data, and prevent unauthorized operations. MySQL provides powerful tools to handle users, assign roles, and enforce fine-grained access control using privileges.
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MySQL User Management
Security Management
Backup and Restore in MySQL
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Introduction to Backups and Restore
MySQL Backup and Restore Using mysqldump
Import .sql Files
MySQL Backup Errors
MySQL Performance Tuning
MySQL Performance Tuning is the process of optimizing how your database server, queries, indexes, and schema work together to provide the fastest and most resource-efficient responses. When a database starts to slow down under load, tuning ensures better speed, reduced CPU/memory usage, and quicker access to data — especially for high-traffic applications or large datasets. It involves query optimization, proper indexing, schema design, and server-level configurations that reduce delays and improve efficiency across all operations.
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1. Use Indexes Effectively
2. Avoid Select* in Queries
3. Use EXPLAIN to Analyze Queries
4. Optimize Joins and Subqueries
5. Use LIMIT to Control Results
6. Tune MySQL Server Configuration
7. Normalize and Optimize Schema Design
Additional Key Points
Query Optimization Techniques in MySQL
Query optimization is the process of writing SQL queries in a way that minimizes execution time and resource usage (like CPU, memory, and disk I/O). MySQL’s optimizer decides the best way to execute your SQL query, but your query structure can drastically impact performance. By following smart query practices, using indexes, avoiding expensive operations, and understanding how MySQL executes your statements, you can dramatically boost your database performance.
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Different applications and uses
Partitioning in MySQL
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Introduction
Different types of Partitioning
Replication in MySQL
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Introduction
MySQL

Deterministic vs Non-Deterministic Functions

A. Deterministic Function:

A deterministic function always returns the same result when given the same input, regardless of when or how many times it is called.

  • Does not rely on time-based or random functions like NOW(), RAND(), or UUID().
  • Common examples include mathematical operations (x * x, LENGTH('text')) and string manipulations.
  • Suitable for replication and binary logging because output is consistent.
  • Must be declared with DETERMINISTIC if used in stored functions.

B. Non-Deterministic Function:

A non-deterministic function may return different results even with the same input, depending on system or session conditions.

  • Uses functions like NOW(), CURDATE(), RAND(), UUID(), which change with time or context.
  • Cannot guarantee consistent output across multiple calls with the same input.
  • Declared using NOT DETERMINISTIC in MySQL.
  • May cause issues with replication or caching if misused in stored functions.

Note: You must declare either DETERMINISTIC or NOT DETERMINISTIC when creating a function.

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