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Course Content
Introduction to C++ Programming
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Control Flow Statements
Control flow statements in C++ allow the program to make decisions, repeat tasks, or jump to specific parts of code based on conditions. These statements give a program logical structure and control over the sequence of execution. Mastering control flow is essential for writing efficient and responsive programs. This section covers decision-making statements, looping constructs, and jump statements in detail with syntax and examples.
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Functions in C++
Functions in C++ are blocks of reusable code designed to perform a specific task. They help break large programs into smaller, manageable pieces and improve readability, modularity, and reusability. Functions reduce code duplication by allowing programmers to call the same block of logic from multiple places. This modular approach also makes debugging easier and enhances program structure and clarity.
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Modern C++ and Concurrency
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Types of Inheritance

  1. Single Inheritance

In single inheritance, a single derived class inherits from one base class. It is the simplest form and promotes code reusability by extending one class.

General Syntax:

class Base {

public:

    void display();

};

class Derived : public Base {

public:

    void show();

};

Example:

class Animal {

public:

    void eat() { cout << “Eating…”; }

};

class Dog : public Animal {

public:

    void bark() { cout << “Barking…”; }

};

 

  1. Multiple Inheritance

A derived class inherits from more than one base class. It combines functionalities of multiple classes but may cause ambiguity if both base classes have the same member.

General Syntax:

class A {

    // …

};

class B {

    // …

};

class C : public A, public B {

    // …

};

 

Example:

class Father {

public:

    void work() { cout << “Father works”; }

};

class Mother {

public:

    void cook() { cout << “Mother cooks”; }

};

class Child : public Father, public Mother {

public:

    void play() { cout << “Child plays”; }

};

 

  1. Multilevel Inheritance

Multilevel inheritance means a class is derived from another derived class. It forms a chain of inheritance that reflects deep hierarchy.

Syntax:

class A {

    // …

};

class B : public A {

    // …

};

class C : public B {

    // …

};

Example:

class Grandparent {

public:

    void history() { cout << “Family history”; }

};

class Parent : public Grandparent {

public:

    void tradition() { cout << “Family tradition”; }

};

class Child : public Parent {

public:

    void lifestyle() { cout << “Modern lifestyle”; }

};

 

  1. Hierarchical Inheritance

In this form, multiple derived classes inherit from a single base class. It represents one-to-many relationships.

Syntax:

class A {

    // …

};

class B : public A {

    // …

};

class C : public A {

    // …

};

Example:

class Teacher {

public:

    void teach() { cout << “Teaching…”; }

};

class MathTeacher : public Teacher {

public:

    void teachMath() { cout << “Math class”; }

};

class EnglishTeacher : public Teacher {

public:

    void teachEnglish() { cout << “English class”; }

};

 

  1. Hybrid Inheritance

This is a combination of more than one type of inheritance, such as multilevel and multiple inheritance. It often leads to ambiguity and is resolved using virtual base classes.

Syntax:

class A { };

class B : public A { };

class C : public A { };

class D : public B, public C { };

Example:

class Person {

public:

    void info() { cout << “Person details”; }

};

class Student : virtual public Person { };

class Employee : virtual public Person { };

class Intern : public Student, public Employee {

    // Uses Person only once due to virtual base

};