Basic Operators in Java

Operators in Java

Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. We can divide all the Java operators into the following groups −

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Logical Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Misc Operators

The Arithmetic Operators

Operator	Description	Example
+ (Addition)	Adds values on either side of the operator.	A + B will give 30
– (Subtraction)	Subtracts right-hand operand from left-hand operand.	A – B will give -10
* (Multiplication)	Multiplies values on either side of the operator.	A * B will give 200
/ (Division)	Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand.	B / A will give 2
% (Modulus)	Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand and returns remainder.	B % A will give 0
++ (Increment)	Increases the value of operand by 1.	B++ gives 21
— (Decrement)	Decreases the value of operand by 1.	B– gives 19

public class Test1 {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      int a = 10,b=20,c=25,d=25;
      System.out.println("a + b = " + (a + b) );
      System.out.println("a - b = " + (a - b) );
      System.out.println("a * b = " + (a * b) );
      System.out.println("b / a = " + (b / a) );
      System.out.println("b % a = " + (b % a) );
      System.out.println("c % a = " + (c % a) );
      System.out.println("a++   = " +  (a++) );
      System.out.println("b--   = " +  (a--) );
      System.out.println("d++   = " +  (d++) );
      System.out.println("++d   = " +  (++d) );
   }
}

Relational Operators

Operator	Description	Example
== (equal to)	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A == B) is not true.
!= (not equal to)	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.	(A != B) is true.
> (greater than)	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A > B) is not true.
< (less than)	Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A < B) is true.
>= (greater than or equal to)	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A >= B) is not true.
<= (less than or equal to)	Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.	(A <= B) is true.

public class Test2 {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      int a = 10;
      int b = 20;
      System.out.println("a == b = " + (a == b) );
      System.out.println("a != b = " + (a != b) );
      System.out.println("a > b = " + (a > b) );
      System.out.println("a < b = " + (a < b) );
      System.out.println("b >= a = " + (b >= a) );
      System.out.println("b <= a = " + (b <= a) );
   }
}

Bitwise Operators

Java defines several bitwise operators, which can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short, char, and byte.

Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. Assume if a = 60 and b = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows −

a = 0011 1100

b = 0000 1101

—————–

a&b = 0000 1100

a|b = 0011 1101

a^b = 0011 0001

~a  = 1100 0011

The following table lists the bitwise operators −

Assume integer variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13 then −

Operator	Description	Example
& (bitwise and)	Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.	(A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
| (bitwise or)	Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.	(A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
^ (bitwise XOR)	Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.	(A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
~ (bitwise compliment)	Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of ‘flipping’ bits.	(~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2’s complement form due to a signed binary number.
<< (left shift)	Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
>> (right shift)	Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A >> 2 will give 15 which is 1111
>>> (zero fill right shift)	Shift right zero fill operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand and shifted values are filled up with zeros.	A >>>2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111

public class Test3 {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      int a = 60;	/* 60 = 0011 1100 */
      int b = 13;	/* 13 = 0000 1101 */
      int c = 0;

      c = a & b;        /* 12 = 0000 1100 */
      System.out.println("a & b = " + c );

      c = a | b;        /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
      System.out.println("a | b = " + c );

      c = a ^ b;        /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
      System.out.println("a ^ b = " + c );

      c = ~a;           /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
      System.out.println("~a = " + c );

      c = a << 2;       /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
      System.out.println("a << 2 = " + c );

      c = a >> 2;       /* 15 = 1111 */
      System.out.println("a >> 2  = " + c );

      c = a >>> 2;      /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
      System.out.println("a >>> 2 = " + c );
   }
}

Logical Operators

The following table lists the logical operators −

Assume Boolean variables A holds true and variable B holds false, then −

Operator	Description	Example
&& (logical and)	Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.	(A && B) is false
|| (logical or)	Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.	(A || B) is true
! (logical not)	Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false.	!(A && B) is true

public class Test4 {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      boolean a = true;
      boolean b = false;

      System.out.println("a && b = " + (a&&b));
      System.out.println("a || b = " + (a||b) );
      System.out.println("!(a && b) = " + !(a && b));
   }
}

Assignment Operators

Following are the assignment operators supported by Java language −

Operator	Description	Example
=	Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand.	C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
+=	Add AND assignment operator. It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand.	C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-=	Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand.	C -= A is equivalent to C = C – A
*=	Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand.	C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/=	Divide AND assignment operator. It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand.	C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=	Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand.	C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<=	Left shift AND assignment operator.	C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=	Right shift AND assignment operator.	C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=	Bitwise AND assignment operator.	C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=	bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.	C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|=	bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.	C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

The ? : Operator

We have covered conditional operator ? : in the previous chapter which can be used to replace if…else statements. It has the following general form −

Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;

Where Exp1, Exp2, and Exp3 are expressions. Notice the use and placement of the colon.

To determine the value of the whole expression, initially exp1 is evaluated.

• If the value of exp1 is true, then the value of Exp2 will be the value of the whole expression.
• If the value of exp1 is false, then Exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the entire expression.

Operator Precedence

Finally let’s add the &&, ||, &, | and ? operators to the precedence table

1. *, /, % Multiplicative operators
2. +, – Additive operators
3. <, >, >=, <= Relational operators
4. ==, != Then do any comparisons for equality and inequality
5. & Bitwise and
6. | Bitwise or
7. && Logical and
8. || Logical or
9. ? : Conditional operator
10. = Assignment operator

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